Endocrinology
Physician discussions on diabetes management, thyroid disorders, hormonal imbalances, and metabolic conditions.
Recent Discussions
When interpreting a 24-hour urinary calcium, which is more accurate: 24 hour urine calcium (mg/day) or 24-hour calcium-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g)?
In my opinion, the answer is unequivocal, i.e. calcium to creatinine ratio is the only way to interpret a 24-hour urine calcium. It is essentially impossible to collect an exact urine sample of 24 hours. The only way to do this, which is often unrealistic, is for the patient to empty the bladder and...
How do you counsel patients on the use of compounded weight loss medications?
It is a difficult question that is being asked more frequently, recently, because of the shortage of these drugs. I handle it the same way that I used to handle when patients asked about the use of herbs as food supplements. The important fact is that we don't know the reliability of these products....
In patients with hypertension and suspected primary aldosteronism who have undergone negative confirmatory testing, what follow-up and monitoring strategies would you recommend to ensure early detection of potential aldosteronism?
If the screening test is convincing (PRA suppressed and plasma Aldosterone >15) I would repeat confirmatory testing. If the first test was saline suppression I would do salt loading and a 24 h urine collection, and vice versa. These confirmatory tests are useful but do not have high sensitivity. If ...
Do you use bone turnover markers to assess medical adherence in patients treated for osteoporosis?
I find the bone remodeling markers very helpful. First and foremost, I want to be sure that if I am going to put a patient on an antiresorptive medication that the patient has evidence for high bone turnover over i.e., increased osteoclastic activity. If the bone remodeling markers for both bone for...
Should we be using a cut off of 20 rather than the traditional 10 Hounsfield units to distinguish between benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors on imaging?
A higher CT density cut-off of 20 (even 30 in most cases) may be used to rule out ACC. However, some metastatic lesions can have a non-contrast CT density between 10 and 20 HU. A combination of a tumor size <4 cm and CT density <20 HU is pretty good in excluding almost all malignant lesions.
Is adequate BP control sufficient enough when titrating spironolactone therapy for primary hyperaldosteronism treatment?
Good blood pressure control is one of the three major goals of medical treatment of primary aldosteronism. Titrating spironolactone (or eplerenone) to an adequate blood pressure (often with reduction or cessation of other anti-hypertensives) is often the first goal met with dose adjustment. The seco...
How many days prior to elective major surgery do you recommend holding oral GLP 1 R agonist therapy?
Zero. Or, I suppose, if you're having surgery early in the morning, one.This has gone back and forth, but the most recent guidance from the ASA (with other societies concurring) has been that most patients can continue their GLP medications as normal preoperatively, with higher-risk people being rec...
After what time frame off GLP-1 RA therapy should you restart at the lowest starting dose?
When a patient has stopped an incretin agonist for more than 2 weeks, I suggest at least restarting at a reduced dose. After 3-4 weeks, I would suggest restarting at the lowest or next to lowest dose. Restarting at a higher dose with anti-nausea medication such as ondansetron may be an option for so...
Do you recommend using a 24-hour urinary cortisol/urinary creatinine ratio over a 24 hour urine cortisol to screen patients for Cushing's syndrome?
There are several tests available to look for a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in patients suspected to have this entity. These include AM and PM cortisol to look for altered diurnal variations. Salivary cortisol test and 24-hour Urinary cortisol. However, in my opinion, the overnight Dexamethasone...
What hormonal workup is recommended for a male with abnormally high serum testosterone not on supplements or hormone replacement therapy?
First, one has to make a distinction between a high serum total testosterone and a high serum free testosterone concentrations measured by an accurate methodology. A high total serum testosterone with a normal serum free testosterone occurs with patients with high concentrations of proteins that bin...